Index
We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union,
establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote
the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity,
do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Section 1. Legislative powers; in whom vested
All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United
States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
Section 2. House of Representatives, how and by whom
chosen Qualifications of a Representative. Representatives and direct taxes, how
apportioned. Enumeration. Vacancies to be filled. Power of choosing officers, and of
impeachment.
- 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by
the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the
qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State
Legislature.
- 2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained the age of
twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not,
when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
- 3. Representatives [and direct taxes] Altered by 16th
Amendment shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within
this Union, according to their respective numbers, [which shall be determined by adding
the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years,
and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.] Altered by 14th Amendment The actual enumeration shall be
made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and
within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The
number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State
shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the
State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode
Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four,
Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South
Carolina five, and Georgia three.
- 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive Authority
thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
- 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall
have the sole power of impeachment.
Section 3. Senators, how and by whom chosen. How
classified. State Executive, when to make temporary appointments, in case, etc.
Qualifications of a Senator. President of the Senate, his right to vote. President pro
tem., and other officers of the Senate, how chosen. Power to try impeachments. When
President is tried, Chief Justice to preside. Sentence.
- 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State,
[chosen by the Legislature thereof,] Altered by 17th
Amendment for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.
- 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they
shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the
first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at
the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth
year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; [and if vacancies happen by
resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the
Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the
Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.] Altered
by 17th Amendment
- 3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years,
and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an
inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
- 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall
have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
- 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore,
in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of the
President of the United States.
- 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that
purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is
tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: and no person shall be convicted without the
concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.
- 7. Judgement in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from
office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under
the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to
indictment, trial, judgement and punishment, according to law.
Section 4. Times, etc., of holding elections, how prescribed.
One session in each year.
- 1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives,
shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any
time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.
- 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be
[on the first Monday in December,] Altered by 20th
Amendment unless they by law appoint a different day.
Section 5. Membership, Quorum, Adjournments, Rules, Power to
punish or expel. Journal. Time of adjournments, how limited, etc.
- 1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own
members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller
number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of
absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide.
- 2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for
disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.
- 3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the
same, excepting such parts as may in their judgement require secrecy; and the yeas and
nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of
those present, be entered on the journal.
- 4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the
other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two
Houses shall be sitting.
Section 6. Compensation, Privileges, Disqualification in
certain cases.
- 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to
be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in
all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest
during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and
returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be
questioned in any other place.
- 2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be
appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have
increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States,
shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office.
Section 7. House to originate all revenue bills. Veto. Bill
may be passed by two-thirds of each House, notwithstanding, etc. Bill, not returned in ten
days to become a law. Provisions as to orders, concurrent resolutions, etc.
- 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but
the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.
- 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate,
shall, before it become a law, be presented to the president of the United States; if he
approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that
house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their
journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, two thirds of that
house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the
other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of
that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be
determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill
shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be
returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been
presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless
the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.
- 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of
Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented
to the president of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be
approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the
Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in
the case of a bill.
Section 8. Powers of Congress
- The Congress shall have the power
- 1. to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide
for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts
and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States:
- 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States:
- 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the
Indian tribes:
- 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of
bankruptcies throughout the United States:
- 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard
of weights and measures:
- 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of
the United States:
- 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads:
- 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to
authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries:
- 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court:
- 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences
against the law of nations:
- 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning
captures on land and water:
- 12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for
a longer term than two years:
- 13. To provide and maintain a navy:
- 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces:
- 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress
insurrections and repel invasions:
- 16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing
such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the
states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the
militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress:
- 17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not
exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of
Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like
authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in
which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and
other needful buildings: And,
- 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the
foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of
the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.
Section 9. Provision as to migration or importation of
certain persons. Habeas Corpus, Bills of attainder, etc. Taxes, how apportioned. No
export duty. No commercial preference. Money, how drawn from Treasury, etc. No titular
nobility. Officers not top receive presents, etc.
- 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall
think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year 1808, but
a tax or duty may be imposed on such importations, not exceeding 10 dollars for each
person.
- 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when
in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.
- 3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.
- 4. [No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid unless in proportion to the census
or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.] Altered
by 16th Amendment
- 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state.
- 6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of
one state over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from one state, be obliged
to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.
- 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made
by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public
money shall be published from time to time.
- 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no person holding any
office or profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept
of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince,
or foreign state.
Section 10. States prohibited from the exercise of certain
powers.
- 1. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of
marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver
coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law,
or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
- 2. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on
imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection
laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or
exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws
shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.
- 3. No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep
troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another
state, or with a foreign power, or engage in a war, unless actually invaded, or in such
imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
Section 1. President: his term of office. Electors of
President; number and how appointed. Electors to vote on same day. Qualification of
President. On whom his duties devolve in case of his removal, death, etc. President's
compensation. His oath of office.
- 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.
He shall hold office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice President,
chosen for the same term, be elected as follows
- 2. [Each State] Altered by 23rd Amendment shall
appoint, in such manner as the Legislature may direct, a number of electors, equal to the
whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the
Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit
under the United States, shall be appointed an elector [The electors shall meet in their
respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be
an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the
persons voted for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the
seat of Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The
President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives,
open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the
greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole
number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and
have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose
by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five
highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in
choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each
State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from
two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.
In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of
votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more
who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President.] Altered by 12th Amendment
- 3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which
they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.
- 4. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the
time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President;
neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age
of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.
- 5. [In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation,
or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve
on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death,
resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what
officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the
disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.] Altered
by 25th Amendment
- 6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which
shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been
elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United
States, or any of them.
- 7. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or
affirmation:
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of the
President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and
defend the Constitution of the United States."
Section 2. President to be Commander-in-Chief. He may require
opinions of cabinet officers, etc., may pardon. Treaty-making power. Nomination of certain
officers. When President may fill vacancies.
- 1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States,
and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the
United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of
the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective
offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against
against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.
- 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make
treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public
ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United
States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be
established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior
officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the
heads of departments.
- 3. The President shall have the power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during
the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their
next session.
Section 3. President shall communicate to Congress. He may
convene and adjourn Congress, in case of disagreement, etc. Shall receive ambassadors,
execute laws, and commission officers.
- He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union,
and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and
expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and
in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may
adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he may receive ambassadors, and other
public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall
commission all the officers of the United States.
Section 4. All civil offices forfeited for certain crimes.
- The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be
removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high
crimes and misdemeanors.
Section 1. Judicial powers. Tenure. Compensation.
- The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme court, and in
such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The
judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good
behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which
shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
Section 2. Judicial power; to what cases it extends. Original
jurisdiction of Supreme Court Appellate. Trial by Jury, etc. Trial, where
- 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this
constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made
under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and
consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which
the United States shall be a party; [to controversies between two or more states, between
a state and citizens of another state, between citizens of different states, between
citizens of the same state, claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a
state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects.] Altered by 11th Amendment
- 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in
which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all
the other cases before-mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction,
both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress
shall make.
- 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such
trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when
not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress
may by law have directed.
Section 3. Treason defined. Proof of. Punishment
- 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or
in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of
treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession
in open court.
- 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder
of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the
person attainted.
Section 1. Each State to give credit to the public acts, etc.
of every other State.
- Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records and
judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe
the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect
thereof.
Section 2. Privileges of citizens of each State. Fugitives
from Justice to be delivered up. Persons held to service having escaped, to be delivered
up.
- 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of
citizens in the several states. See the 14th Amendment
- 2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee
justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the
state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction
of the crime.
- 3. [No person held to service or Labour in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping
into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from
such service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such
service or Labour may be due.] Altered by 13th Amendment
Section 3. Admission of new States. Power of Congress over
territory and other property.
- 1. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union; but no new state shall be
formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by
the junction of two or more states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states
concerned, as well as of the Congress.
- 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and
regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and
nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the
United States, or of any particular state.
Section 4. Republican form of government guaranteed. Each
State to be protected.
- The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union, a republican form of
government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the
legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against
domestic violence.
Amendments
- The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose
amendments to this constitution, or on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds
of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either
case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when
ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in
three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the
Congress: Provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year 1808, shall in
any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article;
and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the
Senate.
- 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this
constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this constitution, as
under the confederation.
- 2. This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance
thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United
States shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound
thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary
notwithstanding.
- 3. The senators and representatives before-mentioned, and the members of the several
state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and
of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this
constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any
office or public trust under the United States.
The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the
establishment of this constitution between the states so ratifying the same.
AMENDMENTS
The Ten Original Amendments: The Bill of Rights. Proposed by Congress September 25,
1789. Ratified December 15, 1791.
Bill of Rights
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the
press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government
for a redress of grievances.
A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free
State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.
No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without
the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no
warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and
particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in
the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or
public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of
law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime
shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law,
and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the
witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor,
and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury
shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the
rules of the common law.
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the
people.
End of the Bill of Rights
(Proposed by Congress March 4, 1794. Ratified February 7, 1795.)
The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to
extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United
States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.
(Proposed by Congress December 9, 1803. Ratified July 27, 1804.)
The Electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot
for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the
same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as
President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and of the
number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to
the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate;
the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of
Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; The person
having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number
be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such
majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list
of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by
ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States,
the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall
consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the
States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not
choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, [before the
fourth day of March next following,] Altered by 20th
Amendment then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or
other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of
votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such numbers be a majority of the
whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two
highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the
purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the
whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to
the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
(Proposed by Congress January 31, 1865. Ratified December 6,
1865.)
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except
as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.
(Proposed by Congress June 13, 1866. Ratified July 9, 1868)
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of
the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge
the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive
any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor to deny to any
person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2 Representatives shall be apportioned among the
several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons
in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for
the choice of Electors for President and Vice-President of the United States,
Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the
members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such
State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way
abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of
representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male
citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such
State.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative
in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or
military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an
oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of
any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the
Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against
the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of
two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United
States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties
for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But
neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation
incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for
the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be
held illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have the power to enforce,
by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
(Proposed by Congress February 26, 1869. Ratified February 3,
1870.)
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race,
color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
(Proposed by Congress July 2, 1909. Ratified February 3, 1913.)
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes,
from whatever sources derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without
regard to any census or enumeration.
(Proposed by Congress May 13, 1912. Ratified April 8, 1913.)
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators
from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have
one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors
of the most numerous branch of the State Legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the
Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such
vacancies: Provided, That the Legislature of any State may empower the Executive thereof
to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the
Legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or
term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
(Proposed by Congress December 18, 1917. Ratified January 16,
1919. Altered by Amendment 21)
After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or
transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the
exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction
thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to
the Constitution by the Legislatures of the several States, as provided in the
Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by
the Congress.
(Proposed by Congress June 4, 1919. Ratified August 18, 1920.)
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall
have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Section 1. The terms of the President and the
Vice-President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and
Representatives at noon on the 3rd day of January, of the years in which such terms would
have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall
then begin.
Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in
every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3rd day of January, unless they
shall by law appoint a different day.
Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the
term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice-President elect shall
become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the
beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the
Vice-President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and
the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a
Vice-President shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the
manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly
until a President or Vice-President shall have qualified.
Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of
the death of any of the persons from whom the House of representatives may choose a
President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of
the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice-President whenever
the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.
Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th
day of October following the ratification of this article (October 1933).
Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it
shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures of
three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.
(Proposed by Congress February 20, 1933. Ratified December 5,
1933.)
Section 1. The Eighteenth article of amendment to the
Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.
Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State,
Territory, or Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating
liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.
Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall
have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several
States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the
submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
(Proposed by Congress March 21, 1947. Ratified February 27, 1951.)
No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than
twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more
that two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected
to the office of President more that once.
But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of
President when this Article was proposed by Congress, and shall not prevent any person who
may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term the term
within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting
as President during the remainder of such term.
This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified
as an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several
States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.
(Proposed by Congress June 16, 1960. Ratified March 29, 1961.)
Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of
the United States shall appoint in such manner as Congress may direct:
A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the
whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be
entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they
shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for
the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by
a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the
twelfth article of amendment.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
(Proposed by Congress August 27, 1962. Ratified January 23, 1964.)
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote
in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for
President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay poll tax
or any other tax.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.
(Proposed by Congress July 6, 1965. Ratified February 10, 1967.)
Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from
office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.
Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of
the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take the
office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both houses of Congress.
Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the
President Pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his
written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office,
and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and
duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.
Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of
either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as
Congress may by law provide, transmits to the President Pro tempore of the Senate and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is
unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall
immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President Pro
tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written
declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office
unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive
departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmits within four
days to the President Pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the
powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling
within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within
twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in
session within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by
two-thirds vote of both houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and
duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting
President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.
(Proposed by Congress March 23, 1971. Ratified June 30, 1971.)
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are
18 years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or
any state on account of age.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
(Proposed by Congress September 25, 1789. Ratified May 8, 1992)
No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and
Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have
intervened.
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